Pekin

The Pekin is a large domestic duck with all-white plumage, an orange bill, and orange legs. It is one of the most commonly kept ducks on small farms and agricultural holdings, and much of the commercial duck meat available in many countries comes from this breed or its descendants.

Adults are heavy and broad-bodied. Drakes typically reach 4 to 4.5 kg and ducks 3.5 to 4 kg, placing the Pekin firmly in the large size class. The breed grows quickly, reaching market weight in roughly 7 to 8 weeks, which is a key reason it became the standard table duck worldwide.

The Pekin combines that size with a temperament that is calm, good-natured, and docile. It is active during the day, forages well, and tolerates handling, making it a practical choice for keepers who want both production and an easy-going flock.

Who it suits

The Pekin suits keepers who want a productive, low-maintenance duck. Its calm temperament makes it a reasonable choice for families and first-time waterfowl owners, and its size and hardiness suit small farms and backyard flocks with space and access to clean water. It is less suited to anyone who wants a flying or strongly broody breed, since Pekins are too heavy to fly and tend to be inconsistent sitters.

The Pekin takes its name from Peking, the older English spelling of Beijing. It was developed in China from native white ducks selected for size and fast growth, and birds of this type had been raised around the capital region for generations before they reached the West.

The breed arrived in the United States in 1873, when a small group of birds was shipped from China to New York. From this founding stock the Pekin spread rapidly through American duck farms, and Long Island in New York became the centre of a substantial duck-rearing industry that continued for several decades. The term "Long Island duckling" comes from this trade.

Pekins reached Britain at about the same time, in the early 1870s, and the breed was recognised in the American Standard of Perfection in 1874. European and American breeders later selected for slightly different body types, but both lines trace to the same Chinese origin.

Owing to its fast growth and reliable yield, the Pekin became the foundation of the modern commercial duck. Most meat ducks raised worldwide today descend from this breed, and it remains common both in industry and in backyard flocks. The breed has a long history in Chinese poultry culture, and its connection to the region makes it a familiar name across East and South-East Asia.

The Pekin has a large, deep, rectangular body carried at a slightly upright angle. The head is rounded, the neck is thick, and the breast is broad and full. Plumage is white, often with a creamy or pale-yellow tint rather than pure snow-white. The bill, legs, and webbed feet are orange, and the eyes are dark, set deep so they appear almost hidden against the full head.

Coat and colours

The Pekin carries one recognised colour: white. The exact shade ranges from clean white to a soft cream, and birds raised on grass or marigold-rich feed can show a deeper yellow cast. Plumage is dense and water-repellent, sitting over a heavy layer of down that keeps the bird warm in cold and wet conditions. Drakes and ducks look almost identical apart from size and the drake's curled tail feathers. The drake's voice is also quieter and hoarser, while the duck produces the louder, classic quack.

The Pekin has an even, good-natured temperament. It is calm and docile around people, settles quickly when handled regularly, and is generally one of the easier ducks to manage in a backyard setting. Many keepers describe individual birds as curious and friendly, especially when raised from ducklings and fed by hand.

With families the breed is gentle and rarely aggressive. Drakes can become assertive during the breeding season, but the Pekin is far less territorial than many other waterfowl. Around strangers the ducks tend to be cautious at first and then relax, and they raise a loud alarm with their quacking when startled.

With other animals the Pekin mixes well. It coexists with chickens, geese, and other duck breeds, and its calm nature means it seldom starts conflict. The birds are active during daylight, foraging for insects, slugs, and plants, and they are happiest with space to roam and water to dabble in.

Grooming

• Provide open water deep enough for the duck to dip its whole head and splash, which keeps eyes, nostrils, and feathers clean.
• Let the duck preen and spread its own oils after bathing; healthy Pekins waterproof themselves and need no bathing by hand.
• Check the orange bill and legs for cuts or scale problems during routine handling.
• Trim nails only if they overgrow, which is uncommon in birds kept on varied ground.

Exercise

• Allow daily access to a run or yard for foraging, walking, and dabbling.
• Keep a pond, tub, or water container available; swimming is the breed's main exercise.
• Give a flock of at least two or three birds, since Pekins are social and more active in company.
• Avoid hard concrete for long periods, which can stress the legs of such a heavy bird.

Environment

Pekins handle cool and wet weather well thanks to dense down, but in Singapore's tropical climate they need continuous shade and plentiful clean drinking water to manage heat. Bedding should stay dry to prevent foot problems. A low shelter with a wide door works better than a raised coop, because heavy ducks do not climb ramps easily. Good ventilation is particularly important in humid conditions.

Pekins are large, fast-growing ducks, so feed quality matters most during the first weeks. Ducklings need a starter ration with adequate niacin, since ducks require more of this vitamin than chickens and a deficiency causes leg weakness. After growth slows, adults move to a maintenance or layer ration depending on whether they are producing eggs. Ducks foraging on grass and insects will eat less prepared feed but still benefit from a balanced base ration.

Treats and supplements

Leafy greens, peas, chopped vegetables, mealworms, and earthworms make good treats and should stay under about 10 per cent of the diet. Provide insoluble grit if the ducks do not forage on open ground, since they need it to grind food. Laying ducks need a separate source of calcium such as crushed oyster shell offered free-choice.

The Pekin is a robust breed with few inherited disorders. With good feeding and clean housing, a Pekin commonly lives 8 to 12 years, though heavy birds bred hard for fast meat production can have shorter lives. Most problems a keeper sees come from the duck's size and from management rather than from genetics.

Preventive care

• Feed a niacin-adequate starter to ducklings during the rapid growth phase.
• Keep bedding dry and provide clean swimming and drinking water.
• Give shade, ventilation, and extra water in hot weather.
• Avoid long periods on hard or abrasive surfaces.
• Inspect feet and legs regularly during handling.

Pekins are kept outdoors in a secure run with a sheltered house for night and bad weather. Because they are heavy and cannot fly, fencing only needs to deter ground predators, but it must be solid, since the breed has little defence against dogs and other animals. The house should sit at ground level with a wide low entrance, dry bedding such as straw or wood shavings, and good ventilation. In the tropics, ventilation is more critical than cold insulation.

Setup checklist

• Ground-level house with a wide, low door
• Dry bedding refreshed regularly
• Shaded area at all times given tropical conditions
• Drinking water available at all times
• A pool, tub, or pond for bathing
• Predator-proof fencing and a lockable night shelter

Pekin eggs take about 28 days to hatch, a little longer than chicken eggs. Pekins are inconsistent brooders and many hens will not reliably sit a full clutch, so keepers often use an incubator or a broody bird of another breed. Whether under a hen or in a machine, the eggs need stable temperature, controlled humidity, and regular turning until the final days.

Hatching steps

1. Select clean, well-shaped eggs and rest them 12 to 24 hours, large end up, before setting.
2. Warm the incubator to the target temperature and humidity before adding eggs.
3. Turn the eggs several times a day through about day 25.
4. From around day 7, candle to check fertility and remove clear or dead eggs.
5. At day 25, stop turning, raise humidity, and let the eggs settle for the lockdown period.
6. Leave hatched ducklings in the incubator until dry, then move them to a warm brooder.