Newfoundland

The Newfoundland is a giant breed that originated on the Canadian island of the same name. Males commonly weigh 130 to 150 pounds and females 100 to 120 pounds, placing the breed among the heaviest of all domestic dogs. Despite that size, the temperament is gentle and steady. The breed is often described as a working dog that happens to be calm at home.

The Newfoundland was bred to work alongside fishermen. It has a thick double coat, webbed feet, and powerful shoulders, all of which suit cold water. The dog can swim long distances and has a documented history of pulling people and equipment from the water. That same strength was also used on land to haul carts and nets.

At home the Newfoundland is patient and affectionate. It tends to bond closely with its family and shows notable tolerance toward children, earning a reputation as a careful companion around young members of the household. The trade-off is the management that a 100 to 150 pound dog requires: space, food, grooming, and a tolerance for drool.

Who it suits

The Newfoundland fits a household with room for a large dog and the time to manage heavy grooming and a substantial food bill. It suits people who want a calm, devoted companion rather than a high-energy sport dog. Families with children often do well with the breed because of its patient temperament. It is less suited to small apartments, very hot climates, or owners who cannot tolerate drool and shedding.

The breed takes its name from the island of Newfoundland off the eastern coast of Canada. It developed there during the 1700s among the fishing communities that worked the cold North Atlantic. The exact ancestry is not fully documented, but the working dogs of the island are generally considered the foundation of the modern breed.

Fishermen valued the dogs for water work. The Newfoundland would haul nets and lines, retrieve objects and gear that fell overboard, and assist people who ended up in the water. Its webbed feet, water-resistant coat, and swimming strength made it well suited to this role in cold conditions.

During the 1800s the breed gained attention in Britain, where it was kept by some notable owners and appeared in paintings and literature of the period. This exposure helped establish the Newfoundland beyond its working origins and contributed to its development as a companion and show dog.

The Newfoundland was among the breeds recognised in the early years of organised kennel clubs in the late 1800s. In Canada, the breed is recognised by the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) as a Canadian heritage breed. Today it is kept primarily as a family companion, though water-rescue work and draft work remain part of its recognised character and are still practised in some breed clubs.

The Newfoundland is a large, powerfully built dog with heavy bone and a broad, deep body. The head is large with a broad skull, and the expression is soft. The build is balanced for strength and endurance rather than speed. Webbed feet and a strong tail aid swimming, with the tail acting as a rudder in the water.

Coat and colours

The outer coat is coarse and water-resistant, with a soft dense undercoat beneath it. The most common colour is solid black. Brown and grey solids are also accepted. The black and white pattern, known as Landseer, has a white base with black markings and is named after the painter who depicted the breed. The double coat sheds steadily through the year and more heavily during seasonal changes.

Clubs set their own figures for the Newfoundland. These come from each club's published standard: AKC, CKC, FCI, KC, UKC.

Size

• Height at the withers, male: AKC 71.1 cm; CKC 71 cm; FCI 71 cm; KC 71 cm; UKC 71.1 cm
• Height at the withers, female: AKC 66 cm; CKC 66 cm; FCI 66 cm; KC 66 cm; UKC 66 cm
• Weight, male: AKC 59-68 kg; CKC 68 kg; FCI 68 kg; KC 64-69 kg; UKC 59-68 kg
• Weight, female: AKC 45.4-54.4 kg; CKC 54.5 kg; FCI 54 kg; KC 50-54.5 kg; UKC 45.4-54.4 kg

Build and forms

At least one club accepts each of these:

• Stop: Moderate
• Muzzle shape: Square
• Bite: Scissors bite, Level bite
• Dentition: Full dentition
• Eye shape: Almond
• Eye set: Deep-set, Wide-set
• Eye size: Small
• Ear carriage: Drop (pendant)
• Ear size: Small
• Topline: Level

Forms the clubs penalise

A fault or a disqualification is a judgment under a show standard. It can affect placings and, at some clubs, registration.

• Disqualifying: Bite: Overshot (FCI); Bite: Undershot (FCI); Bite: Wry mouth (FCI)
• Fault: Muzzle shape: Snipy (CKC, FCI, UKC); Bite: Overshot (CKC, UKC); Bite: Undershot (CKC, UKC); Bite: Wry mouth (CKC, UKC); Eye shape: Round (CKC, FCI, UKC); Topline: Roach (arched) (CKC, FCI, UKC); Topline: Swayback (CKC, FCI, UKC); Hocks: Cow-hocked (FCI, KC, UKC); Feet: Splayed (CKC, FCI, KC, UKC); Webbed feet: None (FCI)

Cropping, docking and other procedures

• Dewclaw removal: Standard (AKC, FCI, UKC); Alternate (CKC)

This is each club's stance in the show ring, not the law. The law on these procedures differs by country.

Markings

Each club's ruling on the breed's named marks:

• Chest patch: Alternate (AKC, FCI, KC, UKC)
• Socks: Alternate (AKC, FCI, KC, UKC)
• White tail tip: Alternate (AKC, FCI, KC, UKC)
• Blaze: Standard (CKC, FCI); Alternate (AKC, KC, UKC)
• Saddle: Standard (AKC, CKC, FCI, KC, UKC)

See every point side by side: compare the clubs.

Rulings come from each club's published breed standard, and clubs revise their standards. Before a show or a registration, check the current text with the club.

On the Newfoundland, every club we track agrees on Black, White, Brown. Clubs compared: AKC, FCI, KC, KUSA, UKC.

Patterns listed as standard for the Newfoundland: Solid, Piebald, Roan.

Where the clubs split

At least one club accepts each of these, and at least one other penalises or refuses it.

• Grey: Standard (AKC, UKC); Disqualifying (FCI, KUSA); Not recognised (KC)

Colours penalised in the show ring

A fault or a disqualification is a judgment under a show standard. It can affect placings and, at some clubs, registration.

• Disqualifying: Tan point (AKC, FCI, KUSA, UKC), Grey (FCI, KUSA), Tan (AKC, FCI, KUSA, UKC), Beige (AKC, FCI, KUSA, UKC)

Beyond the main colour

Standards rule on more than the main colour. These are listed as standard:

• Eyes: Dark brown, Light brown
• Nose: Black, Liver

Rulings come from each club's published breed standard, and clubs revise their standards. Before a show or a registration, check the current text with the club.

The Newfoundland is known for a gentle and steady temperament. It tends to be calm indoors and forms a close bond with its family. The breed is affectionate and seeks human company, and it can become unhappy if left alone for long stretches.

With children the Newfoundland is usually patient and tolerant, which is a large part of its reputation. Its size means that supervision is still sensible around very young children, simply because the dog is heavy. With strangers the breed is typically friendly or politely reserved rather than aggressive, so it is not a strong guard dog, though its size alone is a deterrent.

With other pets the Newfoundland generally gets along well when raised together or socialised early. It is not a high-energy breed and does not usually show strong prey drive. The main behavioural notes are its need for companionship and its tendency to drool.

Grooming

• Brush the double coat at least two to three times a week, and daily during seasonal shedding
• Use a slicker brush and an undercoat rake to reach the dense undercoat
• Bathe every one to two months or as needed; drying the thick coat fully takes time
• Check and clean ears regularly, as drop ears can trap moisture
• Trim nails and keep paw hair tidy
• Wipe the mouth and jowls often to manage drool

Exercise

• Provide about 30 to 60 minutes of activity per day
• Daily walks at a moderate pace suit the breed
• Swimming is well suited to the Newfoundland and is low-impact for the joints
• Avoid hard exercise in heat and during rapid growth in puppies

Environment

The Newfoundland does best in a cool climate and a home with space to move. Canada's climate in many regions suits the breed well, though summer heat and humidity still warrant shade, fresh water, and air conditioning where needed. The breed tolerates indoor life given its calm nature, but it needs room to lie down and turn around comfortably given its size.

Most of what a Newfoundland needs from grooming follows from its coat.

• Coat layers: Double coat
• Coat texture: Wavy
• Coat length: Long
• Shedding: Seasonal shedding

What this coat asks of you

• A double coat has a soft undercoat beneath longer guard hairs. Brush right down to the undercoat, because that is the layer that packs down and traps loose hair.
• A wavy coat tangles more than it looks. Comb through the waves, not just over them.
• Long hair mats from the base up. Work through it in sections and keep the areas around the eyes and the rear clean.
• Seasonal shedding arrives in bursts when the coat changes, and brushing more often during those weeks keeps it manageable.

What to tell a groomer

Mention these when you book. The coat notes on this page explain each one.

• Do not shave
• Mats easily
• Needs seasonal de-shedding

A groomer who knows the breed can adapt all of this to the individual animal. Sore skin, mats pressed against the skin or a sudden change in the coat are worth showing to a vet.

The Newfoundland needs a complete and balanced diet formulated for large or giant breeds. Because the dog is heavy, keeping it at a healthy weight reduces strain on the joints and heart. Measure food rather than free-feeding, and adjust amounts to the individual dog's activity and body condition. Puppies should be fed a large-breed growth formula that supports slow, steady development rather than rapid weight gain.

Treats and supplements

Keep treats to roughly ten percent of daily calories to avoid weight gain. Some owners use joint supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin given the breed's size, and fish oil for coat and skin. Discuss any supplement with a veterinarian before adding it, since needs vary by individual dog.

The Newfoundland generally lives about 9 to 10 years, which is typical for a giant breed. Overall the breed is hardy, but its size brings specific health concerns affecting the joints, heart, and digestion. Buying from breeders who screen their stock and keeping the dog at a healthy weight both help reduce risk.

Preventive care

• Annual veterinary exams, with more frequent checks for seniors
• Hip, elbow, heart, and DNA screening in breeding stock
• Keep the dog at a healthy weight to protect joints and heart
• Feed measured meals and avoid heavy exercise right after eating to lower bloat risk
• Keep vaccinations and parasite prevention current
• Routine dental and ear care

The Newfoundland is intelligent and willing to work with its handler, which makes it a fairly trainable breed. It responds best to calm, consistent guidance and reward-based methods. Harsh corrections tend to backfire with a sensitive dog of this temperament. Because the adult dog is very large, teaching manners while it is still a puppy is important: a 130 pound dog that pulls or jumps is hard to manage, while the same dog trained early is easy to live with.

Basics

1. Start socialisation early, exposing the puppy to people, places, and other animals
2. Teach a reliable leash walk before the dog reaches full size and strength
3. Build the core cues: sit, stay, come, and down
4. Practise calm greetings so the dog does not jump on people
5. Introduce water work and swimming if the dog shows interest, which many do
6. Keep sessions short, positive, and consistent

Responsible Newfoundland breeding waits until the dog is physically and mentally mature, generally around two years of age, so that health screening can be completed first. Recommended screening covers hips, elbows, heart, and inherited conditions such as cystinuria. Gestation lasts roughly 63 days, similar to other dogs. The breed tends to produce large litters, and whelping a giant breed can carry added risk, so veterinary involvement is advisable.

Raising the young requires planning. Puppies grow quickly and need a large-breed diet that supports controlled growth rather than rapid weight gain, protecting developing joints. The dam needs strong nutrition and space to care for a sizable litter. Early socialisation from the breeder lays the groundwork for the calm adult temperament the breed is known for. Prospective owners should expect a wait list from reputable breeders, since well-bred giant litters are not produced often. In Canada, the CKC maintains a breeder referral service that can help connect buyers with breeders who follow recommended health protocols.

Newfoundland registration and microchip registration in Canada

Put your Newfoundland on the registry before the gate is ever left open. The free United Pet Club profile stores the dog's name, birth date, and photo beside your contact details, and it stays free for as long as the dog is with you. Dog registration asks for a few fields, not a fee.

The vet implants the chip and leaves the recording part to you. Register the microchip on the free lifetime plan: any brand a Canadian clinic implants is accepted, updates after a change of address are free, and a current record keeps the border paperwork the Canadian Food Inspection Agency asks about from becoming a scramble. Create your free account and finish both in one evening.