北京犬
北京犬（Pekingese）是一種高貴、勇猛如獅的伴侶犬，以威嚴的儀態和對主人忠貞的忠誠而聞名。
- Size
- 小型
- Lifespan
- 12–14 years
- Origin
- 中國
- Temperament
- 莊重
- Standard colors
- 黑色、白色和灰色 and 5 more
Characteristics
Coat and grooming
How the 北京犬 coat is built, and what that means when you groom it.
- 被毛層數
- 雙層被毛
- 毛質
- 粗毛
- 毛長
- 長
- 掉毛
- 掉毛多
Grooming guidance
嚴重: A 北京犬 should not be shaved.
底毛擋熱與擋冷同樣有效，外層毛則替皮膚擋住陽光和蟲咬。把整身毛剃光會同時失去這兩樣。剃後常常長得斑駁、發軟或變色，有些動物的針毛再也長不回原樣。請把底毛梳出來，而不是剪掉。
注意: A 北京犬 coat mats easily.
細毛或長毛會在看不見的毛根處纏繞，毛結在那裡越收越緊，扯著皮膚。梳理必須分區梳到髮根，而不是只在表面掠過。
北京犬 colors and patterns
What each club's breed standard says about every 北京犬 color and pattern. Point at a ruling to see the club's own wording.
Breed standards describe the 北京犬 in 黑色、白色、灰色、銀色、黃褐色、紅色、奶油色和小鹿色. Standard patterns: 純色、虎紋、花色、貂色、黃褐重點和反向虎斑.
| Color or pattern | FCI | AKC | UKC | KC | KUSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黑色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Black”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Black”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 白色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“White”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“White”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 灰色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Gray”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Grey Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 銀色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All coat colors and markings are allowable and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Silver Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 黃褐色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Black & Tan”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Black & Tan”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 紅色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Red”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Red”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 奶油色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Cream”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Cream”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 小鹿色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Fawn”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Fawn”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 白化 | 未獲認可 (“except albino or liver”) | No ruling | 失格 (“Albinism”) | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) |
| 肝色 | 未獲認可 (“except albino or liver”) | No ruling | No ruling | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) |
| Patterns | |||||
| 純色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All coat colors and markings are allowable and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 虎紋 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Red Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Red Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 花色 | 符合標準 (“Parti-colours evenly broken”) | 符合標準 (“Parti-Color”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Parti-colours evenly broken”) | 符合標準 (“Parti-colours evenly broken”) |
| 貂色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Fawn Sable”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 黃褐重點 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Black & Tan”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Black & Tan”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 反向虎斑 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Red Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Red Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 隕石色 | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) |
| 雙隕石 | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling |
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| Color or pattern | FCI | AKC | UKC | KC | KUSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 深棕色 | 符合標準 (“Clear, round, dark lustrous”) | 符合標準 (“very dark”) | 符合標準 (“dark and lustrous”) | 符合標準 (“Clear, round, dark lustrous”) | 符合標準 (“Clear, round, dark lustrous”) |
| Color or pattern | FCI | AKC | UKC | KC | KUSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黑色 | 符合標準 (“Black pigment essential on nose, lips and eye rims”) | 符合標準 (“broad, short and black”) | 符合標準 (“black in color”) | 符合標準 (“Black pigment essential on nose, lips and eye rims”) | 符合標準 (“Black pigment essential on nose, lips, and eye-rims”) |
| 肉色 | No ruling | No ruling | 缺點 (“Dudley nose”) | No ruling | No ruling |
What the rulings mean
- 符合標準
- Described by the club's breed standard.
- 缺點
- Named by the club's breed standard as a fault: the animal can be shown but is penalized.
- 失格
- The club's breed standard disqualifies an animal of this color or pattern.
- 未獲認可
- The club does not accept this color or pattern for the breed.
Color changes
How a 北京犬's colors can change over its life.
黑色changes to鏽色
被毛 · 隨身體狀況 · can change back
黑色changes to灰色
被毛 · 漸進
黑色changes to棕色
被毛 · 日曬 · can change back
白色changes to沙毛
被毛 · 隨年齡 · from 2 weeks
黃褐重點changes to馬鞍背
被毛 · 隨年齡 · from 6 to 156 weeks
黑色changes to雪鼻
鼻子 · 隨季節 · can change back
黑色changes to粉紅色
鼻子 · 隨季節 · can change back
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Sources
Each ruling comes from the club's published breed standard or color list.
Health
Conditions recorded as more common in the 北京犬 than in its species as a whole. A higher risk is not a diagnosis: many never develop any of them, and your vet can say which screening tests are worth doing.
高風險
- 呼吸系統
短頭品種氣道阻塞症候群
Also called BOAS
中等證據HereditaryInheritance: 多基因
This content is for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice. If you are worried about your pet, contact your veterinarian.
All health conditionsMeet some of our 北京犬
A few of the 北京犬 profiles members have added to United Pet Club.
認識北京犬
北京犬是源自中國的小型伴侶犬,體重最重約14磅,以長而飄逸的被毛、扁平的臉部,以及沉穩忠誠的性格著稱。
北京犬是一種小型玩賞犬,起源於中國宮廷,作為皇室的伴侶犬而生活。牠舉止自信而從容,許多飼主形容這種姿態帶有幾分王者氣度。這個品種身形緊湊,以體型而言相當結實,胸部寬闊,四肢短小,濃密的雙層被毛在臉部四周形成如鬃毛般的輪廓。
儘管體型嬌小,北京犬個性大膽且沉著。牠會與一兩位家人建立緊密的感情,對陌生人則較為保留。這個品種對家人親暱,同時保有一定的獨立性,常常自己決定何時想要人陪伴。
這是一種適合室內生活的犬隻。牠運動量需求不高,但需要固定的梳理,而扁平的臉部使牠在高溫下表現不佳。北京犬適合步調平緩的家庭,以及喜歡忠誠、低活力伴侶的飼主。
| 屬性 | 說明 |
|---|---|
| 產地 | 中國 |
| 體型 | 小型(最重約14磅 / 6.4公斤) |
| 壽命 | 12至14年 |
| 組別 / 用途 | 玩賞犬 / 伴侶犬 |
| 適合對象 | 成人、較大的孩童、步調平緩的家庭 |
適合的飼主
北京犬很適合居住在公寓的人、退休人士,以及想要一隻常伴身邊的伴侶犬的人。牠不適合非常好動的家庭,也不適合有粗魯幼童的家庭,而牠的被毛需要飼主每週梳理數次。
歷史與起源
北京犬在中國宮廷中歷經數百年培育,作為皇室伴侶犬,並於1800年代中葉,在外國軍隊自北京帶走數隻犬隻之後傳入西方。
北京犬是最古老的伴侶犬品種之一,在中國的淵源可追溯至一千多年前。這些犬隻飼養於宮廷之內,與中國皇室關係密切。牠們形似獅子的外貌與佛教象徵相連,在很長一段時間裡,宮廷以外的人不得飼養。
數百年來,這個品種在中國以外幾乎不為人知。牠們被培育成小巧的體型與扁平的臉部,以迎合宮廷的喜好,並被當作珍貴的宮廷寵物,而非工作犬。
北京犬於1860年傳入歐洲,當時英法聯軍在第二次鴉片戰爭期間攻入北京的皇宮。數隻犬隻被帶回英國,其中一隻獻給了維多利亞女王。這些犬隻成為西方繁育族群的基礎。
這個品種在十九世紀末與二十世紀初,先在英國、後在美國廣受歡迎。約於二十世紀之交,牠獲得各大畜犬協會的承認,此後一直是受歡迎的玩賞伴侶犬。
外觀與品種標準
北京犬是體型小巧、身形結實的犬種,臉部扁平,擁有一雙深色大眼、長而濃密的雙層被毛,以及獨特的搖擺步態。
北京犬有著緊湊、梨形的身軀,前半身比後半身沉重。頭部寬闊,兩耳之間平坦,口吻短而多皺,鼻頭為黑色。深色的圓形大眼間距寬,賦予這個品種開朗的神情。耳朵呈心形,貼近頭部,飾以長毛。
身軀貼近地面,體長略大於體高。這個品種以搖擺、不疾不徐的步態行走,這源自牠的體格。尾巴位置高,翻捲於背上,鑲以長長的飾毛。
| 特徵 | 標準 |
|---|---|
| 肩高 | 6至9英吋(15至23公分) |
| 體重 | 最重14磅(6.4公斤) |
| 被毛 | 長而直的雙層被毛,頸部與肩部有濃密的鬃毛 |
| 毛色 | 接受大多數毛色與斑紋,包括紅色、淡黃褐色、乳白色、黑色、黑褐色與雜色 |
| 眼睛 | 大、圓、深色,間距寬 |
被毛與毛色
外層被毛長而粗硬,底下是柔軟濃密的底毛。耳朵、四肢、尾巴與腳掌上都有飾毛,頸部四周則有更為濃密的圍毛。大多數毛色皆可接受,其中以紅色、淡黃褐色與乳白色最為常見。在許多較淺的毛色中,臉部帶有深色面罩是典型的特徵。
性格與個性
北京犬對家人親暱忠誠,卻也獨立,對陌生人保留,自信到近乎固執。
北京犬會對家庭建立深厚的依附,對熟悉的人忠誠而親暱。牠往往會選定一位最喜歡的人,並跟著這個人在各個房間之間走動。同時牠保有獨立的一面,能夠獨自安靜地休息很長一段時間。
面對陌生人,這個品種顯得保留而警覺。牠常以吠叫宣告訪客到來,使牠成為一隻雖然體型嬌小、卻頗為機警的看門犬。及早的社會化有助於牠以較少的戒心接納新的人與情境。
與孩童相處時,北京犬和年紀較大、性情溫和,並且明白小型犬可能因粗魯對待而受傷的孩子最為合得來。牠不見得容忍逗弄。與其他寵物相處時,牠可能較為挑剔,即使體型不大也可能寸步不讓,因此平和的引介很重要。這個品種的自信與自主,在訓練時可能被解讀為固執。
| 特質 | 評分 |
|---|---|
| 親暱程度 | 4 |
| 活力 | 2 |
| 可訓練度 | 2 |
| 吠叫傾向 | 3 |
| 掉毛量 | 4 |
照顧與美容
北京犬需要頻繁梳理、每日適度運動,以及涼爽的室內環境,因為扁平的臉部使牠對高溫敏感。
美容梳理
長而濃密的雙層被毛需要定期打理,以避免打結與糾纏。
- 每週至少梳理被毛三到四次,換毛季節則更為頻繁
- 定期清潔臉部皺褶與眼睛周圍,防止濕氣堆積
- 修剪臀部與腳掌周圍的毛髮,維持衛生
- 每三到四週洗澡一次,或視需要進行
- 依固定時程檢查並清潔耳朵、修剪趾甲
運動
北京犬的運動需求不高,適合室內生活。
- 每天一到兩次短程散步通常就已足夠
- 室內遊戲便能滿足這個品種大部分的活動需求
- 避免在高溫與潮濕的環境中劇烈活動
- 天氣炎熱時散步宜緩和,並選在較涼爽的時段運動
生活環境
北京犬天生適合室內生活,在涼爽、有空調的家中表現最佳。牠扁平的臉部限制了以喘氣散熱的能力,因此很容易過熱。牠能良好適應公寓與狹小的空間,不需要庭院。
營養與餵食
北京犬需要定量的優質小型犬糧,通常每天分兩餐餵食,並仔細控制份量以防止體重增加。
北京犬適合食用為小型犬或玩賞犬設計的完整均衡犬糧。由於這個品種身形緊湊、活動量不大,容易發胖,因此份量應加以計量,而非任其自由取食。過重會增加關節的負擔,並使扁臉犬的呼吸問題惡化。
小顆的乾糧,或狗兒容易叼起的食物,適合牠短小的口吻。應隨時提供新鮮飲水。
| 生命階段 | 每日份量 | 餐數 |
|---|---|---|
| 幼犬(2至6個月) | 依產品指南分配 | 3至4 |
| 幼犬(6至12個月) | 依產品指南分配 | 2至3 |
| 成犬 | 約1/2至1杯小型犬糧 | 2 |
| 高齡犬 | 依較低活動量調整 | 2 |
零食與保健品
零食應僅佔每日熱量的一小部分,以防止體重增加。大多數採用完整犬糧的北京犬並不需要保健品,但獸醫可能會針對個別犬隻建議關節或被毛的補充。任何新食物都應逐步引入,以避免消化不適。
健康與常見疾病
北京犬壽命約12至14年,由於扁平的臉部與長而低的身軀,容易出現呼吸、眼睛與脊椎方面的問題。
北京犬一般壽命為12至14年。以體型而言牠算是結實的品種,但牠的體格帶來幾項可預見的健康隱憂。扁平的臉部是短吻犬呼吸道問題的根源,而突出的眼睛與長背則各自帶來風險。負責任的繁育與健康的體重,能降低這些問題中許多情況的嚴重程度。
| 狀況 | 徵兆 | 說明 |
|---|---|---|
| 短吻犬呼吸道症候群 | 呼吸有聲、打鼾、不耐高溫與運動 | 與扁平的臉部有關;嚴重時可能需要手術 |
| 眼睛問題 | 流淚、混濁、潰瘍、刺激 | 突出的眼睛容易受傷與乾燥 |
| 椎間盤疾病 | 背部疼痛、不願走動、四肢無力 | 長而低的背部較脆弱;應控制體重 |
| 膝蓋骨脫位 | 跳步、間歇性跛行 | 膝蓋骨滑出正常位置;玩賞犬種常見 |
| 皮膚皺褶皮膚炎 | 臉部皺褶泛紅或有異味 | 保持皺褶清潔乾燥 |
預防保健
- 維持健康體重,以減輕關節、背部與呼吸的負擔
- 定期清潔臉部皺褶與眼睛周圍
- 安排每年的獸醫健康檢查,並讓疫苗保持在最新狀態
- 維持牙齒保健,因為小型犬容易罹患牙科疾病
- 避免高溫與過度勞累
訓練
北京犬聰明卻獨立而固執,因此對簡短、耐心、以獎勵為主的訓練與及早社會化反應最佳。
北京犬是聰明的狗,帶有強烈的獨立傾向。牠能把指令學得很好,但常常會權衡自己是否願意服從,這看起來就像固執。嚴厲的方式往往會讓這個品種消極封閉或更加抗拒。平和、一致、以獎勵為主的訓練,能帶來好得多的成效。如廁訓練可能需要耐心,籠內訓練通常會有幫助。
及早社會化很重要。讓幼犬接觸各式各樣的人、聲音與情境,能減少這個品種天生的戒心,並抑制日後過度的吠叫。
基礎訓練
- 及早展開社會化,引介新的人、地點與溫和的撫觸
- 每次訓練保持簡短,約五到十分鐘,以維持專注力
- 以食物獎勵與稱讚來標記正確的行為
- 教導核心指令,例如喚名回應、坐下與過來
- 全家人對規矩保持一致
- 以平和的轉移注意力處理吠叫,而非懲罰
繁育
由於北京犬體型小、臉部扁平,繁育需要格外謹慎,產仔數少,分娩時往往需要獸醫協助。
繁育北京犬需要經驗與獸醫的參與。母犬在第一年就達到性成熟,但負責任的繁育者會等到母犬身體成熟並完成健康篩檢後才進行交配。這個品種的體型使自然交配可能有困難,而幼犬相對於母犬體型過大的頭部,意味著分娩可能不易。
懷孕期約為63天。產仔數少,通常為一到四隻。由於難產的風險,許多北京犬的分娩由獸醫全程監控,剖腹產也不罕見。新生幼犬十分嬌小,在最初幾週需要溫暖、潔淨的環境與密切的照看。
負責任的繁育包括為親代篩檢眼睛、膝蓋與呼吸方面的問題,並避免會使品種健康惡化的最極端扁臉特徵。幼犬應與母犬及同胎手足共處至少八週,並在前往新家之前開始溫和的社會化。
| 項目 | 數值 |
|---|---|
| 母犬成熟 | 約6至12個月(建議延後繁育) |
| 懷孕期 | 約63天 |
| 產仔數 | 1至4隻 |
| 離乳年齡 | 約6至8週 |
| 分娩備註 | 難產常見;經常需要剖腹產 |
登記你的北京犬和牠的晶片
在United Pet Club為你的北京犬建立終身免費檔案，晶片登記一併完成，之後不再收任何費用。
在台灣登記北京犬的做法
先把檔案建好：北京犬的名字、出生日期、一張清晰的照片，加上你的電話，儲存就完成。檔案在狗狗一生中都免費，晶片號碼隨時能補登。犬隻登記有晶片沒晶片都辦得成。
北京犬皮下那十五碼，要有登記系統開口才會指向你。讓United Pet Club免費開這個口：登記永不過期，廠牌不限，資料異動一律免費。先登記晶片，再開帳號，一次到位。
在台灣怎麼登記我的北京犬？
在United Pet Club建立免費帳號，填入北京犬的資料和照片，儲存檔案即可。檔案在狗狗一生中免費，《動物保護法》要求的寵物登記則依縣市規定辦理。
怎麼登記我的北京犬的晶片？
把十五碼晶片號碼連同地址和電話填入免費帳號。終身方案接受任何廠牌的晶片，資料異動永遠免費。
在台灣北京犬一定要植入晶片嗎？
要。《動物保護法》規定犬隻必須植入晶片並辦理登記，這是全國性的法定義務。United Pet Club的檔案免費加在法定登記之上，讓號碼在境外也查得到。
登記一隻北京犬要花多少錢？
不用錢。終身免費方案涵蓋檔案、晶片登記和之後所有資料異動，沒有年費。
常見問題
關於北京犬體型、性格、照顧需求、壽命,以及作為伴侶犬適合度的常見問題。
北京犬能長到多大?
北京犬是小型玩賞犬種。肩高約6至9英吋,體重最重約14磅(6.4公斤),身形結實,以體型而言感覺相當沉重。
北京犬的性格如何?
北京犬對家人親暱忠誠,卻也獨立,對陌生人保留。牠自信而沉穩,這份自主使牠在訓練時可能顯得固執。
北京犬難照顧嗎?
牠的照顧需求屬中到高。長而濃密的雙層被毛需要每週梳理數次,臉部皺褶與眼睛需要定期清潔,而扁平的臉部意味著必須讓牠保持涼爽、避免高溫。
北京犬能活多久?
典型壽命為12至14年。維持健康體重、照顧好牠的呼吸與眼睛健康,有助於牠活得更長久、更舒適。
北京犬適合養在公寓嗎?
適合。這個品種運動需求低,能良好適應狹小空間,並偏好室內生活。牠很適合居住公寓的人、退休人士與步調平緩的家庭。
北京犬和孩童及其他寵物相處得好嗎?
牠和年紀較大、性情溫和的孩子,以及與其他寵物平和的引介最為合得來。牠可能較為挑剔,無法容忍粗魯對待,因此不適合有非常年幼或吵鬧孩童的家庭。
北京犬會掉很多毛嗎?
會。濃密的雙層被毛會持續掉毛,換毛季節掉得更多,因此需要定期梳理以管理脫落的毛髮並防止打結。
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