北京犬
北京犬（Pekingese）是一種高貴、勇猛如獅的伴侶犬，以威嚴的儀態和對主人忠貞的忠誠而聞名。
- Size
- 小型
- Lifespan
- 12–14 years
- Origin
- 中國
- Temperament
- 莊重
- Standard colors
- 黑色、白色及灰色 and 5 more
Characteristics
Coat and grooming
How the 北京犬 coat is built, and what that means when you groom it.
- 被毛層數
- 雙層被毛
- 毛質
- 粗毛
- 毛長
- 長
- 掉毛
- 掉毛多
Grooming guidance
嚴重: A 北京犬 should not be shaved.
底毛擋熱與擋冷同樣有效，外層毛則替皮膚擋住陽光和蟲咬。把整身毛剃光會同時失去這兩樣。剃後常常長得斑駁、發軟或變色，有些動物的針毛再也長不回原樣。請把底毛梳出來，而不是剪掉。
注意: A 北京犬 coat mats easily.
細毛或長毛會在看不見的毛根處纏繞，毛結在那裡越收越緊，扯著皮膚。梳理必須分區梳到髮根，而不是只在表面掠過。
北京犬 colors and patterns
What each club's breed standard says about every 北京犬 color and pattern. Point at a ruling to see the club's own wording.
Breed standards describe the 北京犬 in 黑色、白色、灰色、銀色、黃褐色、紅色、奶油色及小鹿色. Standard patterns: 純色、虎紋、花色、貂色、黃褐重點及反向虎斑.
| Color or pattern | FCI | AKC | UKC | KC | KUSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黑色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Black”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Black”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 白色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“White”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“White”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 灰色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Gray”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Grey Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 銀色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All coat colors and markings are allowable and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Silver Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 黃褐色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Black & Tan”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Black & Tan”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 紅色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Red”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Red”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 奶油色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Cream”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Cream”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 小鹿色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Fawn”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Fawn”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 白化 | 未獲認可 (“except albino or liver”) | No ruling | 失格 (“Albinism”) | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) |
| 肝色 | 未獲認可 (“except albino or liver”) | No ruling | No ruling | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) |
| Patterns | |||||
| 純色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All coat colors and markings are allowable and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 虎紋 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Red Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Red Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 花色 | 符合標準 (“Parti-colours evenly broken”) | 符合標準 (“Parti-Color”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Parti-colours evenly broken”) | 符合標準 (“Parti-colours evenly broken”) |
| 貂色 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Fawn Sable”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 黃褐重點 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Black & Tan”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Black & Tan”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 反向虎斑 | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) | 符合標準 (“Red Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colors and markings are equally permissible”) | 符合標準 (“Red Brindle”) | 符合標準 (“All colours and markings are permissible and of equal merit”) |
| 隕石色 | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) | 未獲認可 (“Albino, liver or merle unacceptable”) |
| 雙隕石 | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling |
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| Color or pattern | FCI | AKC | UKC | KC | KUSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 深棕色 | 符合標準 (“Clear, round, dark lustrous”) | 符合標準 (“very dark”) | 符合標準 (“dark and lustrous”) | 符合標準 (“Clear, round, dark lustrous”) | 符合標準 (“Clear, round, dark lustrous”) |
| Color or pattern | FCI | AKC | UKC | KC | KUSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黑色 | 符合標準 (“Black pigment essential on nose, lips and eye rims”) | 符合標準 (“broad, short and black”) | 符合標準 (“black in color”) | 符合標準 (“Black pigment essential on nose, lips and eye rims”) | 符合標準 (“Black pigment essential on nose, lips, and eye-rims”) |
| 肉色 | No ruling | No ruling | 缺點 (“Dudley nose”) | No ruling | No ruling |
What the rulings mean
- 符合標準
- Described by the club's breed standard.
- 缺點
- Named by the club's breed standard as a fault: the animal can be shown but is penalized.
- 失格
- The club's breed standard disqualifies an animal of this color or pattern.
- 未獲認可
- The club does not accept this color or pattern for the breed.
Color changes
How a 北京犬's colors can change over its life.
黑色changes to鏽色
被毛 · 隨身體狀況 · can change back
黑色changes to灰色
被毛 · 漸進
黑色changes to棕色
被毛 · 日曬 · can change back
白色changes to沙毛
被毛 · 隨年齡 · from 2 weeks
黃褐重點changes to馬鞍背
被毛 · 隨年齡 · from 6 to 156 weeks
黑色changes to雪鼻
鼻子 · 隨季節 · can change back
黑色changes to粉紅色
鼻子 · 隨季節 · can change back
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Sources
Each ruling comes from the club's published breed standard or color list.
Health
Conditions recorded as more common in the 北京犬 than in its species as a whole. A higher risk is not a diagnosis: many never develop any of them, and your vet can say which screening tests are worth doing.
高風險
- 呼吸系統
短頭品種氣道阻塞症候群
Also called BOAS
中等證據HereditaryInheritance: 多基因
This content is for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice. If you are worried about your pet, contact your veterinarian.
All health conditionsMeet some of our 北京犬
A few of the 北京犬 profiles members have added to United Pet Club.
認識京巴犬
京巴犬源自中國,是體型細小的伴侶犬,體重通常不超過14磅(6.4公斤),擁有豐厚飄逸的長毛、扁平面容,性格自信莊重又忠心。
京巴犬是體型細小的玩賞犬,原產於中國,古時是宮廷豢養的伴侶犬。牠舉止從容,帶著一份莊重的氣派。這個品種身型緊湊,以體型而言算相當敦實,胸闊、腳短,雙層被毛豐厚,把面部包圍得像獅鬃一樣。
京巴犬雖然體型細小,但性格大膽、自主性強。牠通常只與一兩位主人建立親密關係,對陌生人則較為戒備。牠對家人親暱,但同時保留一定的獨立性,往往自行決定何時想要主人陪伴。
這是一種適合室內生活的狗。牠的運動量需求不高,但需要恆常打理毛髮,而扁平的面容令牠不耐熱。京巴犬適合作風平靜的家庭,以及喜歡忠心、活動量低的伴侶犬的飼主。
| 項目 | 詳情 |
|---|---|
| 原產地 | 中國 |
| 體型 | 細小(體重不超過約14磅/6.4公斤) |
| 壽命 | 12至14年 |
| 組別/角色 | 玩賞犬/伴侶犬 |
| 適合對象 | 成年人、年紀較大的兒童、生活作風平靜的家庭 |
適合飼養的對象
京巴犬適合居住在細單位的人士、退休人士,以及希望有伴侶犬長伴左右、不常外出的飼主。牠不太適合活動量大的家庭,或有粗魯幼童的家庭,而且飼主要願意每星期為牠梳理毛髮好幾次。
歷史與起源
京巴犬在中國宮廷歷經數百年培育而成,直到十九世紀中葉,英法聯軍從北京帶走多隻宮廷犬,品種才傳入西方。
京巴犬是歷史最悠久的伴侶犬品種之一,在中國的歷史可追溯至一千多年前。這種狗一直豢養於皇宮之內,與中國皇室關係密切。牠們外貌似獅子,與佛教的獅子象徵有關連,長期以來只有宮廷中人才可以擁有。
長達數百年,這個品種在中國以外幾乎不為人知。宮廷按照當時的審美,把牠們培育成體型細小、面容扁平的模樣,視為珍貴的宮廷寵物,而非用於工作的犬隻。
京巴犬在1860年傳入歐洲,當時英法聯軍在第二次鴉片戰爭期間攻入北京的皇宮。幾隻京巴犬被帶返英國,其中一隻獻給維多利亞女皇。這批狗隻後來成為西方繁殖群的基礎。
這個品種其後在英國,繼而在美國,分別於十九世紀末和二十世紀初逐漸流行起來。約在二十世紀之交,主要的養犬會相繼承認這個品種,自此一直是常見的玩賞犬。
外觀與品種標準
京巴犬體型細小敦實,面容扁平,眼睛大而深色,擁有豐厚的雙層長毛,走起路來有獨特的搖擺步態。
京巴犬身型緊湊,呈梨形,前半身比後半身厚重。頭部在兩耳之間寬闊而平,吻部短而帶皺褶,鼻頭黑色。眼睛大而圓,呈深色,兩眼距離較闊,令牠看起來神情開朗。耳朵呈心形,貼近頭部,覆蓋著長毛。
軀幹貼近地面,身長略大於高度。由於這種體型,牠走路時會呈現緩慢搖擺的步態。尾巴高高翹起,搭在背上,末端覆有長毛。
| 特徵 | 標準 |
|---|---|
| 肩高 | 6至9吋(15至23厘米) |
| 體重 | 不超過14磅(6.4公斤) |
| 被毛 | 雙層長直毛,頸肩位置有濃密鬃毛 |
| 毛色 | 大部分顏色及花紋皆可接受,包括紅色、黃褐色、奶油色、黑色、黑褐色及雜色 |
| 眼睛 | 大而圓,深色,兩眼距離較闊 |
被毛與毛色
外層被毛長而粗,底層則柔軟濃密。耳朵、四肢、尾巴和腳掌都有長毛裝飾,頸部則有較厚的鬃毛。大部分毛色皆可接受,當中以紅色、黃褐色和奶油色最為常見。淺色被毛的京巴犬,面部大多帶有深色的面罩紋。
性格與脾性
京巴犬對家人親暱忠心,但性格獨立,面對陌生人較為冷淡,自信程度有時近乎固執。
京巴犬對家庭成員有很強的依附感,對熟悉的人忠心又親暱。牠通常會揀選一位最喜歡的家人,並跟著這個人在屋內四處走動。同時,牠亦保留一定的獨立性,可以長時間自己靜靜休息,不需要陪伴。
面對陌生人,京巴犬會顯得謹慎、留意周圍動靜,見到訪客時往往會吠叫示警,因此雖然體型細小,也可充當警覺性高的看門犬。及早讓幼犬接觸不同的人和環境,有助減少牠日後的戒心。
京巴犬與年紀較大、性情溫和的兒童相處得較好,因為牠們懂得小型犬容易因粗魯對待而受傷。牠未必能夠忍受戲弄。至於與其他寵物相處,京巴犬有時比較揀擇,即使體型細小也會堅持己見,所以引見新寵物時宜循序漸進、保持平靜。這種自信和自主的性格,在訓練時往往會表現為固執。
| 特質 | 評分 |
|---|---|
| 親暱程度 | 4 |
| 活動量 | 2 |
| 可訓練程度 | 2 |
| 吠叫程度 | 3 |
| 脫毛程度 | 4 |
護理與美容
京巴犬需要經常梳毛、每日輕量運動,並要在涼爽的室內環境生活,因為扁平的面容令牠特別怕熱。
美容護理
豐厚的雙層被毛需要定期打理,以免打結。
- 每星期最少梳毛三至四次,換毛季節要梳得更密
- 定期清潔面部皺褶及眼睛周圍,防止積聚水氣
- 修剪臀部及腳掌附近的毛髮,保持衛生
- 每三至四星期洗澡一次,或按需要洗澡
- 定期檢查及清潔耳朵,並修剪指甲
運動
京巴犬的運動量需求不高,適合室內生活。
- 每日散步一至兩次,每次時間短已經足夠
- 室內玩耍已可滿足這個品種大部分的活動需要
- 天氣炎熱潮濕時避免劇烈運動
- 天氣炎熱時散步要放慢步伐,並選擇較涼快的時段外出
生活環境
京巴犬適合在室內生活,最好居於涼爽、設有空調的家居環境。由於面容扁平,牠透過喘氣散熱的能力有限,容易過熱。這個品種適應細單位的能力強,不需要有花園。
營養與餵飼
京巴犬需要有節制地進食優質的小型犬糧,一般分兩餐餵飼,並要小心控制分量,以免體重過重。
京巴犬適合進食專為小型或玩賞犬設計、營養均衡的完整犬糧。由於這個品種身型緊湊、活動量不高,體重容易上升,所以餵飼分量應該量度清楚,而不是讓牠隨意進食。體重過重會加重關節負擔,亦會令這類扁面犬種的呼吸問題惡化。
顆粒細小、方便入口的犬糧較適合牠短短的口吻。清水應該隨時供應。
| 生長階段 | 每日分量 | 餐數 |
|---|---|---|
| 幼犬(2至6個月) | 按產品指引分餐餵飼 | 3至4 |
| 幼犬(6至12個月) | 按產品指引分餐餵飼 | 2至3 |
| 成犬 | 約半杯至1杯小型犬糧 | 2 |
| 老年犬 | 按活動量降低而調整 | 2 |
零食與補充品
零食應只佔每日總熱量的一小部分,以免體重過重。大部分餵飼完整犬糧的京巴犬都不需要額外補充品,但獸醫可能會因應個別狗隻的情況,建議補充關節或被毛保健品。轉換新的食物時應該循序漸進,以免腸胃不適。
健康與常見疾病
京巴犬壽命約12至14年,由於面容扁平、身軀低長,較容易出現呼吸、眼睛及脊椎問題。
京巴犬的壽命一般為12至14年。以體型而言,這個品種算是頗強壯,但牠的體型結構帶來幾種可預見的健康問題。扁平的面容是短頭犬種氣道問題的根源,而突出的眼睛及長長的背部也各自帶來風險。負責任的繁殖及維持健康體重,可以減輕當中不少問題的嚴重程度。
| 情況 | 徵狀 | 備註 |
|---|---|---|
| 短頭犬種氣道綜合症 | 呼吸有聲、打鼻鼾、不耐熱及不耐運動 | 與扁平面容有關;嚴重個案可能需要手術 |
| 眼睛問題 | 流淚、混濁、潰瘍、發炎 | 眼睛突出,容易受傷及乾燥 |
| 椎間盤突出 | 背痛、不願走動、四肢無力 | 長而低的背部較易受傷,應控制體重 |
| 髕骨脫位 | 走路突然跳步、間歇性跛行 | 髕骨移位;在玩賞犬種中常見 |
| 皮膚皺褶皮炎 | 面部皺褶位置發紅或有異味 | 應保持皺褶位置乾爽清潔 |
預防護理
- 維持健康體重,以減輕關節、背部及呼吸系統的負擔
- 定期清潔面部皺褶及眼睛周圍
- 每年帶狗隻覆診及接受疫苗注射
- 注意牙齒護理,小型犬種特別容易有牙齒疾病
- 避免高溫及過度運動
訓練
京巴犬聰明但獨立固執,最適合以簡短、有耐性、獎勵為本的方式訓練,並及早進行社教化。
京巴犬聰明,獨立性強。牠學習指令的能力不錯,但往往會自己衡量是否想要服從,表現出來就像固執一樣。嚴厲的訓練方式容易令這個品種退縮或更加抗拒。相反,平靜、一致、以獎勵為本的訓練方法,效果會好得多。如廁訓練可能需要多一點耐性,籠內訓練通常有幫助。
及早社教化十分重要。讓幼犬從小接觸不同的人、聲音和環境,有助減少這個品種天生的戒心,亦可減少牠長大後過度吠叫的情況。
基本訓練步驟
- 及早開始社教化,讓幼犬接觸新的人、地方和溫柔的接觸
- 每次訓練時間要短,約五至十分鐘,以維持牠的專注力
- 用食物獎勵和讚賞來標記正確的行為
- 教導基本指令,例如認得自己的名字、坐低和過來
- 全家人對規矩要保持一致
- 處理吠叫問題時,以平靜的方法轉移牠的注意力,而不是懲罰
繁殖
京巴犬體型細小、面容扁平,繁殖時需要格外小心,而且每胎狗仔數目少,分娩過程往往需要獸醫協助。
繁殖京巴犬需要經驗,亦需要獸醫參與。雌犬在出生後第一年已達到性成熟,但負責任的繁殖者會等到母犬身體發育完全、並完成健康檢查之後,才安排配種。這個品種的體型結構會令自然交配較為困難,而幼犬的頭部相對母犬體型偏大,分娩過程可能會較為艱難。
懷孕期約63日。每胎狗仔數目少,一般只有1至4隻。由於難產風險較高,很多京巴犬分娩時都需要獸醫在場監察,剖腹生產亦不罕見。初生幼犬體型極小,需要溫暖清潔的環境,以及在首幾個星期內密切監察。
負責任的繁殖者會為種犬檢查眼睛、膝關節及呼吸系統的問題,並避免選用面容過度扁平、令健康問題惡化的個體作繁殖之用。幼犬應該最少留在母犬及兄弟姊妹身邊八個星期,並在送去新家之前,開始接受溫和的社教化。
| 項目 | 數值 |
|---|---|
| 雌犬性成熟年齡 | 約6至12個月(建議延後配種) |
| 懷孕期 | 約63日 |
| 每胎狗仔數目 | 1至4隻 |
| 斷奶年齡 | 約6至8星期 |
| 分娩備註 | 難產情況常見,經常需要剖腹生產 |
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常見問題
有關京巴犬體型、性格、護理需要、壽命,以及是否適合作伴侶犬的常見問題。
京巴犬可以長到幾大隻?
京巴犬屬於細小的玩賞犬種,肩高約6至9吋(15至23厘米),體重最多約14磅(6.4公斤),身型敦實,以體型而言算相當有分量。
京巴犬性格如何?
京巴犬對家人親暱忠心,但面對陌生人較為獨立冷淡。牠自信而莊重,這種自主的性格在訓練時有時會表現為固執。
京巴犬是否難於照顧?
牠的護理需求屬中等至偏高。豐厚的雙層被毛需要每星期梳理好幾次,面部皺褶及眼睛也要定期清潔,而扁平的面容意味著必須讓牠保持涼快,避免受熱。
京巴犬壽命有多長?
一般壽命為12至14年。維持健康體重,並留意牠的呼吸及眼睛健康,有助牠活得更長久、更舒適。
京巴犬適合在單位飼養嗎?
適合。這個品種運動量需求不高,能夠適應細小的居住空間,亦偏好室內生活,適合居於單位的人士、退休人士,以及生活作風平靜的家庭。
京巴犬與小朋友及其他寵物相處得好嗎?
牠們與年紀較大、性情溫和的小朋友相處較好,引見其他寵物時亦要保持平靜。牠們有時比較揀擇,亦不能忍受粗魯對待,所以不太適合有年幼或活潑好動小朋友的家庭。
京巴犬脫毛情況嚴重嗎?
會。牠濃密的雙層被毛會持續脫落,換毛季節脫毛情況會更明顯,所以需要定期梳理,以清理脫落的毛髮及防止打結。
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