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Overview

Pemphigus foliaceus is the most frequently diagnosed autoimmune skin disease in dogs. The immune system targets the proteins that hold superficial skin cells together, producing fragile blisters that quickly form crusts.

Causes

Most cases are spontaneous (idiopathic). Some are triggered by drugs, chronic skin disease, or sunlight. There may be a breed predisposition in certain dogs.

Signs

Lesions begin as pustules that rupture into yellow crusts and erosions, typically symmetrical over the bridge of the nose, around the eyes, ear flaps, and footpads. Affected dogs may be itchy, lethargic, or feverish.

Diagnosis

Skin cytology showing characteristic cells supports the diagnosis, but a skin biopsy with microscopic examination is needed to confirm it and rule out infection.

Treatment & Management

Treatment relies on immunosuppressive drugs, usually corticosteroids with or without additional agents. Doses are tapered to the lowest effective level. Secondary skin infections are treated concurrently.

Prevention

The disease cannot be prevented. Sun avoidance and identifying drug triggers may help; most dogs require long-term monitoring and medication.