Глаткодлаки коли
Кратколаки колији је интелигентан, оданан сапутник познат по својој благој нарави и глаткој длаци која се лако одржава.
- Size
- Средњи
- Lifespan
- 12–14 years
- Origin
- Шкотска
- Temperament
- Интелигентан
- Standard colors
- Црна, Бела, Плава и Палеж
Characteristics
Coat and grooming
How the Глаткодлаки коли coat is built, and what that means when you groom it.
- Слојеви длаке
- Двострука длака
- Структура длаке
- Глатка
- Дужина длаке
- Кратка
- Линање
- Сезонско линање
Grooming guidance
Критично: A Глаткодлаки коли should not be shaved.
Подлака држи врућину напољу једнако као и хладноћу, а покровна длака штити кожу од сунца и убода инсеката. Шишање целе длаке уклања обоје. Она често израсте на флеке, мека или друге боје, а код неких животиња покровна длака се више никада не врати како треба. Исчеткајте подлаку уместо да је сечете.
Информација: A Глаткодлаки коли drops its undercoat in heavy bursts.
Подлака излази у јаким налетима током неколико недеља. Гребен за подлаку, или купање праћено правим сушењем феном, скида је далеко брже од свакодневног четкања. Кратко шишање овде није пречица.
Глаткодлаки коли colors and patterns
What each club's breed standard says about every Глаткодлаки коли color and pattern. Point at a ruling to see the club's own wording.
Breed standards describe the Глаткодлаки коли in Црна, Бела, Плава и Палеж. Standard patterns: Једнобојна, Тробојна, Мерле, Шарена, Самурова и Са палежом.
| Color or pattern | FCI | AKC | UKC | KC | KUSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Црна | По стандарду (“Tricolour: Predominantly black”) | По стандарду (“Black White & Tan”) | По стандарду (“Tri-color: predominately black”) | По стандарду (“Tricolour: predominantly black”) | По стандарду (“Tricolour: predominantly black”) |
| Бела | По стандарду (“Sable and white”) | По стандарду (“White”) | По стандарду (“White: predominately white”) | По стандарду (“Sable and white”) | По стандарду (“Sable and white”) |
| Плава | По стандарду (“Blue Merle: Predominantly clear, silvery blue”) | По стандарду (“Blue Merle”) | По стандарду (“blue merle”) | По стандарду (“Blue Merle: predominantly clear, silvery blue”) | По стандарду (“Blue Merle: predominantly clear, silvery blue”) |
| Палеж | По стандарду (“rich tan markings about legs and head”) | По стандарду (“Black White & Tan”) | По стандарду (“rich tan markings on the head and legs”) | По стандарду (“rich tan markings about the legs and head”) | По стандарду (“rich tan markings about the legs and head”) |
| Шкриљаста | Мана (“Large black markings, slate colour, or rusty tinge in top or undercoat are highly undesirable”) | Није признато | Није признато | Мана (“Large black markings, slate colour or rusty tinge top or undercoat are highly undesirable”) | Мана (“Large black markings, slate colour or rusty tinge top or undercoat are highly undesirable”) |
| Рђаста | Мана (“A rusty tinge in top coat highly undesirable”) | Није признато | Није признато | Мана (“A rusty tinge in top coat is highly undesirable”) | Мана (“A rusty tinge in top coat is highly undesirable”) |
| Крем | Мана (“Light straw or cream colour highly undesirable”) | Није признато | Није признато | Мана (“Light straw or cream colour is highly undesirable”) | Мана (“Light straw or cream colour is highly undesirable”) |
| Албино | Није признато | Није признато | Дисквалификујуће (“Albinism”) | Није признато | Није признато |
| Patterns | |||||
| Једнобојна | Мана (“All white or predominantly white is most undesirable”) | По стандарду (“predominantly white, preferably with sable, tri-color or blue merle markings”) | По стандарду (“predominately white, preferably with sable, tri-color or blue merle markings”) | Мана (“All white or predominantly white is highly undesirable”) | Мана (“All white or predominantly white is most undesirable”) |
| Тробојна | По стандарду (“Tricolour”) | По стандарду (“Black White & Tan”) | По стандарду (“tri-color”) | По стандарду (“Tricolour”) | По стандарду (“Tricolour”) |
| Мерле | По стандарду (“Blue Merle”) | По стандарду (“Blue Merle”) | По стандарду (“blue merle”) | По стандарду (“Blue Merle”) | По стандарду (“Blue Merle”) |
| Шарена | Мана (“All white or predominantly white is most undesirable”) | По стандарду (“White”) | По стандарду (“predominately white, preferably with sable, tri-color or blue merle markings”) | Мана (“All white or predominantly white is highly undesirable”) | Мана (“All white or predominantly white is most undesirable”) |
| Самурова | По стандарду (“Sable: Any shade of light gold to rich mahogany or shaded sable”) | По стандарду (“Sable”) | По стандарду (“sable”) | По стандарду (“Sable: any shade from light gold to rich mahogany or shaded sable”) | По стандарду (“Sable: any shade from light gold to rich mahogany or shaded sable”) |
| Са палежом | По стандарду (“rich tan markings about legs and head”) | По стандарду (“Black & Tan Markings”) | По стандарду (“rich tan markings on the head and legs”) | По стандарду (“rich tan markings about the legs and head”) | По стандарду (“rich tan markings about the legs and head”) |
| Двоструки мерле | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling | No ruling |
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| Color or pattern | FCI | AKC | UKC | KC | KUSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Плава | По стандарду (“Blue Merles, when eyes are frequently (one or both, or part of one or both) blue”) | По стандарду (“either or both eyes may be merle or china in color without specific penalty”) | По стандарду (“the Blue Merle, which may have blue, or blue flecked, eyes (one or both)”) | По стандарду (“blue merles when eyes are frequently (one or both, or part of one or both) blue”) | По стандарду (“Blue Merles, when eyes are frequently (one or both, or part of one or both) blue”) |
| Тамносмеђа | По стандарду (“dark brown colour”) | По стандарду (“The color is dark”) | По стандарду (“dark brown in color”) | По стандарду (“dark brown colour”) | По стандарду (“dark brown colour”) |
| Patterns | |||||
| Мермерна | По стандарду (“blue-flecked”) | По стандарду (“either or both eyes may be merle”) | По стандарду (“blue flecked”) | По стандарду (“blue-flecked”) | По стандарду (“blue-flecked”) |
| Разноока | По стандарду (“one or both”) | По стандарду (“either or both eyes may be merle or china”) | По стандарду (“(one or both)”) | По стандарду (“one or both”) | По стандарду (“one or both”) |
| Секторска | По стандарду (“part of one or both”) | No ruling | No ruling | По стандарду (“part of one or both”) | По стандарду (“part of one or both”) |
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| Color or pattern | FCI | AKC | UKC | KC | KUSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Црна | По стандарду (“Always black”) | По стандарду (“the black nose”) | По стандарду (“Must be black”) | По стандарду (“Nose always black”) | По стандарду (“Always black”) |
What the rulings mean
- По стандарду
- Described by the club's breed standard.
- Мана
- Named by the club's breed standard as a fault: the animal can be shown but is penalized.
- Дисквалификујуће
- The club's breed standard disqualifies an animal of this color or pattern.
- Није признато
- The club does not accept this color or pattern for the breed.
Color changes
How a Глаткодлаки коли's colors can change over its life.
Црнаchanges toРђаста
Длака · Са стањем организма · can change back
Црнаchanges toСива
Длака · Прогресивно
Црнаchanges toСмеђа
Длака · На сунцу · can change back
Белаchanges toПроседа
Длака · Са узрастом · from 2 weeks
Са палежомchanges toСедласта
Длака · Са узрастом · from 6 to 156 weeks
Плаваchanges toТамносмеђа
Очи · Са узрастом · from 2 weeks
Плаваchanges toСмеђа
Очи · Са узрастом · from 2 weeks
Плаваchanges toСветлосмеђа
Очи · Са узрастом · from 2 weeks
Плаваchanges toЋилибарска
Очи · Са узрастом · from 2 weeks
Плаваchanges toЛешникова
Очи · Са узрастом · from 2 weeks
Плаваchanges toЖута
Очи · Са узрастом · from 2 weeks
Црнаchanges toЗимски нос
Нос · Према годишњем добу · can change back
Црнаchanges toРужичаста
Нос · Према годишњем добу · can change back
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Sources
Each ruling comes from the club's published breed standard or color list.
Meet some of our Глаткодлаки коли
A few of the Глаткодлаки коли profiles members have added to United Pet Club.
O rasi kratkodlaki koli
Kratkodlaki koli je škotski pastirski pas srednje veličine, blage naravi i jake privrženosti vlasniku, sa kratkom dlakom koja ne zahteva mnogo nege.
Kratkodlaki koli je kratkodlaka varijanta kolija, rase poznatije po dugodlakom tipu. Deli isti telesni sklop, temperament i poreklo sa dugodlakim kolijem, a razlikuje se prvenstveno po dužini dlake. U nekim zemljama se oba tipa vode kao jedna rasa sa dva tipa dlake, a u drugima kao odvojene rase.
Reč je o psu srednje veličine, uzgajanom za rad sa ovcama na otvorenim prostranstvima Škotske i severne Engleske. U njemu se spaja budnost i pažljivost pastirskog psa sa mirnom i privrženom naravi u kućnom okruženju. Kratkodlaki koli se snažno vezuje za svoje ljude i rado ostaje u njihovoj blizini.
Kratka dlaka je ravna i gusta, za razliku od duge i talasaste dlake dugodlakog tipa. Zato je svakodnevno održavanje jednostavnije nego kod dugodlakog kolija. Rasa ostaje aktivna i inteligentna, a najbolje napreduje uz redovno kretanje i domaćinstvo koje joj pruža društvo i neki zadatak.
| Osobina | Detalj |
|---|---|
| Poreklo | Škotska |
| Veličina | Srednja |
| Životni vek | 12 do 14 godina |
| Grupa/uloga | Pastirski pas (rad sa ovcama) |
| Pogodno za | Porodice, decu, druge pse |
Kome odgovara
Kratkodlaki koli odgovara aktivnim porodicama i pojedincima koji mu mogu pružiti svakodnevno kretanje i stalno društvo. Osetljiv je i vezan za ljude, pa se teško nosi sa dugim časovima usamljenosti. Vlasnici koji uživaju u dresuri i psećim sportovima naći će u njemu voljnog i brzog učenika.
Istorija i poreklo
Kratkodlaki koli je nastao u Škotskoj i severnoj Engleskoj kao radni pastirski pas, deleći koren sa dugodlakim kolijem pre nego što je rasa u 19. veku postala šire poznata.
Koli potiče iz brdovitih predela Škotske i severne Engleske, gde je farmerima bio potreban sposoban pas za rad sa ovcama na teškom terenu. Radni psi ovog tipa postojali su vekovima pre uvođenja formalne uzgojne evidencije, cenjeni zbog izdržljivosti, pastirskog nagona i poslušne naravi, a ne zbog izgleda.
Kratkodlaki i dugodlaki koli dele ovo zajedničko radno poreklo. U ranom periodu su se kratkodlaki i dugodlaki psi rađali u istim leglima i koristili za iste zadatke. Kratka dlaka se često vezivala za teranje stoke na daljinu, dok su oba tipa radila sa ovcama na imanju.
Tokom 19. veka rasa je stekla pažnju i van seoskog imanja. Interesovanje u Britaniji je poraslo pošto se pas pojavio na izložbenom ringu, a naklonost kraljevske porodice u viktorijanskom dobu dodatno je podigla njen ugled. Selektivan uzgoj je izoštrio tip, i koli je postao priznata rasa.
Koli se kasnije proširio i van Britanije, a klubovi rase u Britaniji i Severnoj Americi postavili su standarde za oba tipa dlake. Praksa registracije se razlikuje od zemlje do zemlje: neke vode kratkodlaki i dugodlaki tip kao varijante jedne rase, dok ih druge registruju odvojeno.
Izgled i standard rase
Kratkodlaki koli je skladan pas srednje veličine, sa klinastom glavom, dugom njuškom i kratkom, ravnom, gustom dlakom u nekoliko priznatih boja.
Kratkodlaki koli ima isti opšti oblik tela kao dugodlaki koli: skladno građen pas srednje veličine, sa ravnim leđima, dubokim grudnim košem i dugom, suvom glavom koja se sužava ka finoj njušci. Izraz je budan i blag, a uši su poluuspravne i preklapaju se napred kada je pas usredsređen.
Prepoznatljiva odlika je dlaka. Umesto duge pokrovne dlake dugodlakog tipa, kratkodlaki koli ima kratku, ravnu, čvrstu pokrovnu dlaku preko guste podlake. Takva dlaka daje uglađen izgled koji prati liniju tela i lako se održava čistim.
| Osobina | Standard |
|---|---|
| Visina | Otprilike 51 do 61 cm (20 do 24 in) u grebenu, mužjaci viši od ženki |
| Težina | Oko 18 do 30 kg (40 do 66 lb) |
| Dlaka | Kratka, ravna, gusta pokrovna dlaka preko debele podlake |
| Boje | Sable i belo, trobojna, plavi merl, bela |
| Oči | Bademaste, tamne, blagog i budnog izraza (kod plavih merl jedinki viđaju se plave ili šarene oči) |
Dlaka i boje
Priznate boje su sable i belo (nijanse od zlatne do mahagonijum crvene, sa belim šarama), trobojna (crna sa riđim i belim), plavi merl (mermerasto plavosiva boja sa crnim mrljama) i pretežno bele jedinke sa obojenim šarama. Kratka dlaka linja, uz sezonsko izraženije linjanje, ali se ne uvija u čvorove kao duga dlaka.
Temperament i karakter
Kratkodlaki koli je blage naravi, veran i inteligentan, obično dobar sa decom i drugim životinjama, a prema strancima ostaje budan i oprezan.
Kratkodlaki koli je poznat po blagoj i ujednačenoj naravi. Snažno se vezuje za porodicu i obično je strpljiv i pouzdan prema deci. Zbog toga je odavno omiljen kao porodični pas. Agresivnost nije tipična za ovu rasu.
Prema strancima je kratkodlaki koli obično suzdržan i oprezan, a ne neprijateljski raspoložen. Budan je i laje da najavi posetioce ili neuobičajenu aktivnost, što je nasleđe iz pastirskog rada. Rana socijalizacija mu pomaže da se sa sigurnošću suoči sa novim ljudima i situacijama.
Rasa se obično dobro slaže sa drugim psima i kućnim ljubimcima, naročito kada zajedno odrastaju. Kod pojedinih jedinki se ispoljava pastirski nagon, pa mogu pokušati da okupljaju ili prate decu i životinje u pokretu. Ovo je inteligentan i osetljiv pas koji dobro reaguje na miran dom i jasno, blago postupanje, a može postati anksiozan ili glasan ako ostane sam duže vreme.
| Osobina | Ocena |
|---|---|
| Naklonost | 5 |
| Energija | 4 |
| Podložnost dresuri | 5 |
| Glasnost | 4 |
| Linjanje | 3 |
Nega i timarenje
Kratkodlaki koli je jednostavan za negu, uz nedeljno četkanje, svakodnevno kretanje i redovno društvo, jer je vezan za ljude.
Timarenje
- Četkajte nedeljno da uklonite otpalu dlaku i održite zdravu podlaku.
- Pojačajte četkanje na nekoliko puta nedeljno tokom sezonskog linjanja.
- Kupajte samo po potrebi; kratka dlaka ostaje čista uz malo truda.
- Sečite kandže na svakih nekoliko nedelja i redovno pregledajte uši.
- Perite zube nekoliko puta nedeljno radi zdravlja desni i zuba.
Kretanje
- Obezbedite bar 60 minuta aktivnosti dnevno, kroz šetnje i igru.
- Omogućite trčanje bez povoca na bezbednom mestu kada je moguće.
- Dodajte mentalni rad, na primer vežbe dresure, igre traganja po mirisu ili donošenje.
- Razmotrite pseće sportove kao što su agility, poslušnost ili stočarske probe.
Okruženje
Kratkodlaki koli se prilagođava životu u gradu ili na selu, ako dobija svakodnevno kretanje i vreme sa porodicom. Dobro mu odgovara ograđeno dvorište, ali može živeti i u manjem stanu uz odgovarajuću dozu kretanja. Kao osetljiva rasa vezana za ljude, ne treba ga ostavljati samog duže vreme, jer od dosade može lajati.
Ishrana i hranjenje
Kratkodlakom koliju je potrebna uravnotežena ishrana prilagođena uzrastu i nivou aktivnosti, podeljena u odmerene obroke radi održavanja zdrave telesne težine.
Kratkodlakom koliju odgovara potpuna i uravnotežena hrana za pse, prilagođena uzrastu, veličini i aktivnosti. Radni ili sportski aktivni psi troše više energije od manje aktivnih pratilaca, pa obroke treba prilagoditi konkretnom psu, a ne samo uputstvu na pakovanju. Pratite telesnu kondiciju: rebra treba da se osete bez jakog pritiska, a struk se odozgo treba jasno videti.
| Životno doba | Količina dnevno | Obroci |
|---|---|---|
| Štene (2 do 6 meseci) | Prema formuli za rast, u zavisnosti od težine | 3 do 4 |
| Štene (6 do 12 meseci) | Prema formuli za rast, u zavisnosti od težine | 2 do 3 |
| Odrasla jedinka | Oko 250 do 400 g kvalitetne suve hrane, prema težini i aktivnosti | 2 |
| Starija jedinka | Smanjen unos kalorija, potpora zglobovima po preporuci | 2 |
Poslastice i dodaci ishrani
Poslastice ograničite na oko 10 procenata dnevnih kalorija i koristite ih uglavnom za dresuru. Većini kratkodlakih kolija na potpunoj ishrani dodaci nisu potrebni, iako veterinar može preporučiti potporu zglobovima za starije ili veoma aktivne pse. Obezbedite svežu vodu u svakom trenutku i svaku promenu ishrane uvodite postepeno tokom nekoliko dana.
Zdravlje i životni vek
Kratkodlaki koli je uglavnom zdrava rasa sa životnim vekom od 12 do 14 godina, iako deli nekoliko naslednih oboljenja sa rasom koli, uključujući probleme sa očima i osetljivost na lekove.
Kratkodlaki koli je uglavnom otporna rasa sa tipičnim životnim vekom od 12 do 14 godina. Kao i svi koliji, nosi određene nasledne zdravstvene rizike, a odgovorni uzgajivači testiraju priplodne pse na oboljenja poznata kod rase. Kupovina od zdravstveno testiranih roditelja smanjuje verovatnoću ovih problema.
| Oboljenje | Znaci | Napomena |
|---|---|---|
| Kolijska očna anomalija | Često bez vidljivih znakova; otkriva se oftalmološkim pregledom | Nasledno; oči štenaca treba rano pregledati |
| Progresivna atrofija retine | Noćno slepilo, opadanje vida | Nasledno; DNK testovi dostupni u mnogim linijama |
| MDR1 osetljivost na lekove | Ozbiljne reakcije na pojedine uobičajene lekove | Dostupan je DNK test; obavestite veterinara o statusu |
| Displazija kuka | Ukočenost, šepanje, izbegavanje kretanja | Proverava se ocenjivanjem kukova kod priplodnih pasa |
Preventivna nega
- Redovno ažurirajte vakcinaciju i zaštitu od parazita.
- Zakažite godišnje veterinarske preglede, a kod starijih pasa i češće.
- Zatražite rezultat MDR1 testa (osetljivost na lekove) i podelite ga sa veterinarom.
- Održavajte negu zuba i zdravu telesnu težinu.
- Pregledajte oči po preporuci, naročito kod štenaca i priplodnih pasa.
Dresura
Kratkodlaki koli je veoma inteligentan i željan da udovolji vlasniku, pa spada među rase koje se najlakše dresiraju uz dosledne metode zasnovane na nagrađivanju.
Kratkodlaki koli spada među rase koje se lakše dresiraju. Brzo uči, pažljiv je prema vodiču i motivišu ga pohvala i nagrada. Rasa je osetljiva, pa su oštre korekcije kontraproduktivne i mogu naterati psa da se povuče ili postane anksiozan. Najbolje deluje mirna, dosledna dresura zasnovana na nagrađivanju.
Socijalizaciju i osnovnu dresuru treba započeti rano. Pošto je rasa budna i sklona lajanju, vredi već od štenećeg doba naučiti pouzdanu komandu za tišinu i raditi na kontroli lajanja. Pastirski nagon se može ispoljiti kroz jurenje ili okupljanje. Dresura i odgovarajući izlaz za energiju pomažu da se taj nagon preusmeri.
Osnove
- Započnite socijalizaciju sa ljudima, psima i novim mestima od štenećeg doba.
- Naučite prepoznavanje imena i pouzdan dolazak na poziv kao prve korake.
- Dodajte osnovne komande: sedi, lezi, ostani i pusti.
- Uvedite komandu za tišinu rano radi kontrole lajanja.
- Postepeno povećavajte trajanje vežbi i izloženost ometanjima.
- Napredujte ka psećem sportu kao što je poslušnost, agility ili stočarski rad.
Uzgoj
Kratkodlaki koli dostiže priplodnu zrelost u drugoj godini, nosi leglo oko devet nedelja i obično donosi na svet leglo srednje veličine kome je potrebna rana socijalizacija.
Odgovoran uzgoj kratkodlakog kolija počinje zdravstveno testiranim roditeljima. Uzgajivači proveravaju oboljenja česta kod rase, uključujući očne anomalije i MDR1 osetljivost na lekove, i biraju jedinke sa zdravim temperamentom i građom. Ženke treba da budu fizički zrele pre prvog legla i po pravilu se ne pare u prvom estrusu.
Graviditet traje otprilike 63 dana. Ženka se obično oštenjuje bez teškoća, ali je razumno unapred pripremiti miran prostor za štenjenje i imati veterinara u pripravnosti. Štenci se rađaju gluvi i slepi i u prvim nedeljama su potpuno zavisni od majke.
Rana socijalizacija je važna za ovu osetljivu, inteligentnu rasu. Već od nekoliko nedelja starosti štencima koristi blago rukovanje i izlaganje zvucima i prizorima domaćinstva. Tako se gradi samouveren, ljudima okrenut temperament po kome je rasa poznata. Štenci obično odlaze u nove domove oko osme nedelje.
| Pokazatelj | Vrednost |
|---|---|
| Polna zrelost | Oko 6 do 12 meseci (priplod tek u drugoj godini) |
| Graviditet | Otprilike 63 dana |
| Prosečna veličina legla | Oko 4 do 8 štenaca |
| Uzrast odbijanja od sise | Oko 6 do 8 nedelja |
| Preporučeni zdravstveni testovi | Oftalmološki pregled, MDR1 DNK test, ocenjivanje kukova |
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Često postavljana pitanja
Najčešća pitanja o kratkodlakom koliju odnose se na veličinu, temperament, potrebe u nezi, životni vek, pogodnost za porodice i razliku u odnosu na dugodlakog kolija.
Koliko naraste kratkodlaki koli?
To je pas srednje veličine, visine otprilike 51 do 61 cm (20 do 24 in) u grebenu i težine oko 18 do 30 kg (40 do 66 lb), pri čemu su mužjaci krupniji od ženki.
Kakav je temperament kratkodlakog kolija?
Blage je naravi, veran i inteligentan. Rasa je obično dobra sa decom i drugim ljubimcima, budna i suzdržana prema strancima, i snažno vezana za porodicu.
Da li je kratkodlaki koli lak za negu?
Nega je jednostavna zahvaljujući kratkoj dlaci, uz samo nedeljno četkanje i pojačano četkanje tokom linjanja. Glavne obaveze su svakodnevno kretanje i redovno društvo, jer rasa ne voli da bude ostavljena sama.
Koliko dugo živi kratkodlaki koli?
Tipičan životni vek je 12 do 14 godina. Zdravstveno testiranje priplodnih pasa i redovna preventivna nega doprinose dugom i zdravom životu.
Da li je kratkodlaki koli dobar porodični pas?
Da. Poznat je kao strpljiv i privržen porodični pratilac koji se obično dobro slaže sa decom, pod uslovom da dobija svakodnevno kretanje i da ne ostaje sam duže vreme.
Koja je razlika između kratkodlakog i dugodlakog kolija?
Dele isti telesni sklop, temperament i poreklo, a razlikuju se uglavnom po dlaci. Kratkodlaki koli ima kratku, ravnu dlaku, dok dugodlaki koli ima dugu pokrovnu dlaku. U nekim registrima se vode kao varijante jedne rase, u drugima kao odvojene rase.
Da li su kratkodlaki koliji glasni?
Mogu biti. Kao budna pastirska rasa, kratkodlaki koli često laje da najavi posetioce ili aktivnost, pa je korisno rano naučiti komandu za tišinu.
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